Suitability  of  Grapes  For 
General  Culture  in  the 
States  of  the  Old  South 

By 
Floyd  Bralliar 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


SUITABLILITY  OF  GRAPES  FOR  GEN- 
ERAL CULTURE  IN  THE  STATES 
OF  THE  OLD  SOUTH 


BY 

FLOYD  BRALLIAR,  PH.  D. 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

GEORGE  PEABODY  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS 

NASHVILLE,  TENN. 


SUITABLILITY  OF  GRAPES  FOR  GEN- 
ERAL CULTURE  IN  THE  STATES 
OF  THE  OLD  SOUTH 


BY 
FLOYD  BRALLIAR,  PH.  D. 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

GEORGE  PEABODY  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS 

NASHVILLE,  TENN. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Foreword 6 

Purpose     6 

Scope     6 

Incentives  . 6 

Planting  Trial  of  Vineyards 7 

Location    7 

Soil 7 

Supplementary  Observations 7 

Acknowledgments      8 

CHAPTER  I 
INTRODUCTION— GRAPES  OF  AMERICA 

Grapes  Among  Ancients 9 

Original  Varieties  Grown 9 

Distribution  of  Wild  Grapes 9 

Grapes  Indigenous  to  Tennessee  9 

Early  Attempts  to  Grow  Grapes    10 

Failures  Explained 10 

Success  at  Last 10 

Vineyards  in  Tennessee 11 

Other  Southern  Vineyards     12 

CHAPTER  II 
VARIETY  TRIALS 

Trial  Vineyard   13 

Soil  Selected     ' 13 

Preparation  of  Soil 13 

Planting  and  Care 13 

Weather  Handicaps     1*3 

Resetting 14 

g;   Further  Plantings 14 

&   List  of  Varieties .  14 

<*   Care  of  Vineyard     17 

Results  18 


,322821 


Table  of  Contents 

Promising  Varieties     ...................... 

Diseases  and  Prevention     ...............................  19 

Discussion  of  Varieties   .................................  19 

Most  Successful  Varieties  .....................  20 

CHAPTER  III 

GRAPE  BREEDING 

• 

How  to  Proceed   .....  ..................................  21 

Care  of  Seed  ...........................  21 

Growing  Seedlings     ....................................  21 

Testing  Seedlings     .....................................  22 

A  Successful  Seedling      .................  ................  22 

Other  Southern  Breeders    ...............................  23 

Cheisholm   ............................................  23 

Munson     .............................................  23 

Zimmerman  Brothers    ..................................  23 

Results      ..............  ...........  ....................  24 

CHAPTER  IV 
VINIFERA  GRAPES  EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS 

Early  Experiences   .....................................  25 

Characteristics  of  Vinifera     .............................  25 

Tests  in  Tennessee*  .....................................  25 

Results      .............................................  26 

Varieties  Tested     .................................  26 

On  Own  Roots   .......................................  28 

Other  Southern  Trials     ..............................  28 

In  North  Carolina   ..................................  28 

In  Georgia  .......  '  .............................  9g 

In  Florida  ............................................  28 

CHAPTER   V 
RESPONSE  TO  ENVIROMENT 


Behavior  Variations 
Worden 


Table  of  Contents 

Delaware 30 

Moore's  Early      30 

Niagara 30 

Need  for  Experimental  Vineyards        31 

Appendix 32 

Bibliography . 33 

Visits  and  Observations 35 


FOREWORD 
PURPOSE 

The  investigation  herein  reported  was  undertaken  for  four 
main  objects: — Fiist:  To  determine  the  possibility  and  practica- 
bility of  the  middle  South  and,  so  far  as  conclusions  could  be 
reached,  the  entire  South  growing  not  only  its^own  supply  of 
grapes  but  producing  them  commercially.  Second:  To  as- 
certain what  varieties  of  grapes  already  in  existence  are  best 
suited  to  southern  conditions.  Incidentally,  this  includes  a 
study  of  the  variation  of  size  and  quality  within  a  given  variety 
due  to  local  soil  and  climatic  conditions.  Third:  The  selection 
of  parents  most  suitable  for  crossing  in  the  hope  of  obtaining 
varieties  preeminently  suited  to  southern  conditions.  Fourth: 
An  investigation  of  the  possibility  of  growing  the  Vitis  vinifera 
species  of  grapes  in  the  South  by  taking  advantage  of  our  present 
knowedge  of  philloxera  control  and  of  the  use  of  sprays  in  pre- 
venting blights,  rots  and  mildews. 

First  Incentives. — About  fourteen  years  ago  (1908)  a  letter 
was  received  from  Mr.  Moore,  a  grape  investigator  of  Burling- 
ton, Iowa,  now  deceased,  stating  that  after  much  study  he  had 
reached  the  conclusion  that  the  State  of  Tennessee  must  be  a- 
bout  the  geographic  center  of  the  grape's  habitat,  and  suggesting 
that  an  investigation  be  made  of  the  wild  grapes  of  the  state, 
and  that  a  'trial  vineyard  be  started  where  grapes  from  all  parts 
of  the  world  could  be  tested.  Observation  and  inquiry  began  a- 
bout  that  time,  but  it  was  not  until  some  five  or  six  years  later 
when  a  few  Lutie  grape  vines  were  found  growing  by  an  old  cabin 
on  Paradise  Ridge,  some  four  miles  from  Joulton,  Tenn.,  vines 
that  had  never  known  the  benefits  of  knife,  spray,  or  cultivation, 
yet  were  loaded  with  perfectly  delicious  fruit,  that  a  decision  was 
reached  to  make  this  trial  planting.  Though  every  good  author- 
ity on  grapes  rated  Lutie  as  a  second  rate  variety,  here  in  the  hills 
of  Tennessee,  within  thirty  miles  of  its  point  of  origin,  it  was  the 
equal  of  any  grape  of  American  origin.  If  this  were  true  of  one 
variety,  why  might  it  not  be  true  of  others?  To  determine  this, 
plans  were  laid  for  planting  a  vineyard.  At  first  all  that  was 
contemplated  was  a  plantation  of  the  varieties  that  do  best  in 
the  South;  but  on  inquiry  it  became  evident  that  no  one  knew 
which  these  varities  were.  A  visit  to  the  trial  vineyard  at  the 
State  Agricultural  College  revealed  the  fact  that  it  had  tested 
less  than  a  score  of  the  most  common  varieties.  Correspond- 
ance  with  State  horticulturists  and  personal  visits  to  agricultural 
colleges  and  experimental  stations  were  equally  futile.  Mr.  Meir 
of  Hendersonville,  Tenn.,  had  tested  more  varieties  and  gave 
more  information  than  any  one  else. 


PLANTING  TRIAL  OF    VINEYARDS 

After  some  preliminary  attempts  to  establish  a  vineyard, 
work  was  begun  in  earnest  by  selecting  a  fairly  well  drained  plot 
of  land  lying  on  the  top  of  a  ridge  on  the  Nashville  Agricultural 
Normal  Institute's  farm  at  Madison,  Tennessee.  The  first 
grapes  planted  were  Moore's  Early,  Niagara,  Lutie,  and  Concord; 
and  two  years  later  Worden  was  added.  The  following  year  a 
further  planting  was  made  of  Catawba,  Caco,  Norton,  Winchel, 
and  Herbert.  In  the  fall  of  nineteen  hundred  seventeen  another 
plot  of  land  adjacent  to  these  plantings  was*  prepared,  plants 
secured,  and  about  one  hundred  sixty-eight  additional  varieties 
were  set.  The  unit  decided  on  for  this  plantation  was  five  vines 
of  a  variety,  though  in  several  instances,  either  more  or  less 
than  this  number  were  planted.  These  variations  appear  in 
Chapter  II.  In  nineteen  hundred  eighteen  a  number  of  addi- 
tional varieties  were  planted,  some  of  them  being  cross-bred 
seedlings  produced  on'  the  place.  A  complete  list  of  the  varieties 
planted  appears  elsewhere. 

In  addition  to  the  work  done  in  this  trial  vineyard,  personal 
observations  have  been  made  in  various  parts  of  every  state  in 
the  old  South  except  Louisiana,  as  well  as  in  many  of  the 
border  and  northern  states.  Literally  hundreds  of  miles  were 
tramped  through  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and  North 
Georgia  studying  wild  grapes. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Much  valuable  data  has  been  furnished  by  the  horticultural 
departments  of  the  various  states,  and  especially  by  Mr.  G.  B. 
Hussman,  Chief  Viticulturist  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  and  Mr.  Morrell,  Agriculturist  for  the  Southern 
Railroad  System.  Mr.  Antoine  Wintzer,  of  the  Conard-Jones 
Rose  Company,  West  Grove,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mr.  G.  B. 
Starcher,  of  Auburn,  Alabama,  should  be  especially  mentioned 
for  valuable  assistance  rendered  in  collecting  cuttings  and  making 
observations. 


CHAPTER   I 
INTRODUCTION  --  GRAPES  OF  AMERICA 

From  the  dawn  of  history  the  grape  has  been  regarded  as  the 
king  of  fruits.  When  Moses  sent  spies  into  the  promised  land,  (x)* 
as  the  most  convincing  evidence  of  its  desirability,  they 
brought  back  a  giant  cluster  of  grapes  from  Eschol.  When  Ruth 
gleaned  in  the  field  of  Boa/,  at  noontide  she  was  invited  to  dip 
her  morsel  in  the  "vinegar,"  a  sweet  marmalade  made  from  the 
grape,  (2)  and  among  other  things  Abigail  brought  raisins  to  David 
to  appease  his  wrath  after  his  insult  by  Nabal.  (3) 

The  Roman  historian  Tacitus  states  that  the  climate  of 
Ormany  was  cold  and  damp.  In  his  day  it  would  not  produce 
the  vine,  and  without  doubt  this  was  one  of  the  chief  reasons  it 
escaped  Roman  dominion.  (4) 

Even  the  Vikings  judged  the  value  of  a  land  by  its  ability 
to  grow  the  vine,  for  in  the  Saga  of  Leif  the  Fortunate,  we  read 
that  when  he  discovered  a  new  land  to  the  Westward  (America), 
finding  wild  grapes,  he  gathered  enough  to  load  the  stern  of  his 
vessel,  and  he  named,  the  country  "Vineland."  (5) 

Grapes  are  found  growing  wild  in  most  of  Asia  and  Europe, 
though  only  a  single  species,  Vitis  vinifera,  has  ever  been  cul- 
tivated in  those  regions  of  either  continent  that  have  played  an 
important  part  in  history.  In  China  and  Japan,  however,  there 
are  a  few  inferior  wild  grapes  that  do  not  belong  to  this 
species.  Hundreds  of  varieties  of  this  species  have  been 
developed,  but  they  all  agree  in  having  a  sweet  firm  flesh  that 
does  not  part  from  the  thin,  tender  skin;  and  in  the  soft,  succulent 
roots  that  distinguish  them  from  all  other  grapes.  (6) 

Until  less  than  two  centuries  ago  all  cultivated  grapes 
were  of  this  species,  so  it  is  not  surprising  that  it  possesses  many 
superior  qualities  rot  the  lea;t  of  wh'ch  are  its  excellent  table 
qualitie*  and  its  ability  to  produce  raisins. 

In  all  the  world  some  fifty  or  sixty  species  of  grapes  are  known, 
depending  upon  classification,  more  than  half  of  which  are  native 
to  the  United  States.  (7) 

However,  hardly  a  doyen  species  have  ever  been  extensively  cul- 
tivated, all  but  two  of  which  are  native  American  grapes  and  the 
eleventh,  V.  Bourquiniana,  is  doubtless  an  American  hybrid.  (8) 

Six  of  these    cultivated   species    are    native    to    the    South. 

The  State  of  Tennessee  and  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina 
seem  to  be  the  geographical  center  of  the  grape  world,  containing 
more  wild  species  than  any  other  district  of  the  world,  with  the  pos- 
sible exception  of  the  region  of  the  Brazos  river  in  Texas. 


*    The  figures  in  the  text   refer  to  authorities   appearing  in  the  Bibliography   bering  the 
key  number. 


10  Cultivated  Grapes 

The  following  grapes  are  indigenous  to  Tennessee:  Vitis  lab- 
ruca,  Vitis  aestivalis,  probably  a  few  Vitis  bicolor  in  the  high- 
lands bordering  Kentucky,  Vitis  Bourquiniana,  probably 
escpaed  from  cultivation,  wild,  Vitis  cinerea,  Vitis  Baileyana  on 
the  borders  of  North  Carolina,  Vitis  cordifolia,  Vitis  rubra, 
Vitis  vulpina,  Vitis  Longii,  and  Vitis  rotundifolia.  (9) 

One  or  more  of  these  are  found  on  all  soils  in  all  districts 
of  the  State,  while  in  some  districts  several  of  these  varieties 
are  found  together  with  many  natural  hybrids. 

Most  of  the  wild  grapes  of  Kentucky,  Western  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  and  Missouri  grow  on  clay  soil.  Even  where  the  soil 
is  very  poor  they  thrive  abundantly.  Farther  south  and  south- 
east they  grow  on  sandy  soils.  Naturally  the  varieties  that  thrive 
best  on  clay  soils  are  not  so  well  suited  to  the  sandy  districts. 

Cultivated  Grapes. — Seeing  the  wealth  of  wild  grapes  every- 
where, the  early  explorers  naturally  concluded  that  grape  growing 
would  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  pursuits  in  the  New  World.  (n) 
So  it  is  not  surprising  that  in  sixteen  hundred  nineteen  the  James- 
town colonists  were  each  required  to  put  out  and  cultivate  ten 
grape  cuttings,  and  that  for  years  every  inducement  was 
held  out  for  growing  vineyards.  (™)  (14)  None  of  these 
vineyards  were  ever  profitable  and  the  vines  soon 
sickened  and  died.  Many  attempts  to  grow  grapes  were 
made  in  all  of  the  original  colonies,  but  with  little  success.  In 
Louisiana,  only,  was  wine  made  profitably  in  quantities,  and  sever- 
al large  vineyards  were  established  there,  when  the  French, 
fearing  their  competition,  forbade  further  wine  making  in  the 
colony.  (13)  (14) 

But  all  of  these  people  made  the  mistake  of  neglecting  the  na- 
tive grape  and  planted  vinifera  varieties  imported  from  Europe. 
All  reported  that  the  vines  grew  thriftily  for  a  year  or  two, 
then  were  taken  with  "a  sickness"  and  died.  The  last  attempt 
to  grow  European  grapes  on  an  extensive  scale  in  Eastern  America 
was  on  the  Tombigbee  river  in  Alabama.  More  than  eleven  hun- 
dred acres  were  set,  professional  growers  being  brought  from 
France  for  the  purpose.  The  success  of  the  experiment 
seemed  likely  for  some  time,  but  disease  and  disaster  were  so 
great  that  the  enterprise  never  paid  expenses  and  the  company 
finally  became  bankrupt  and  the  vineyards  were  abandoned. 

Gradually  a  few  people,  more  wise  than  their  fellows,  turned 
to  the  native  grape,  and  began  selecting,  crossing,  and  growing 
seedlings.  The  first  real  impetus  to  grape  growing  in  America 
came  with  the  introduction  of  a  native  grape,  the  Alexander, 
under  the  claim  that  it  was  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  (13j 
This  was  a  native  labrusca  variety  introduced  late  in  the  eighteen- 
th century.  Concord  soon  appeared,  as  a  seedling  produced  in 


Successful  Plantations  11 

Massachusetts,  and  Catawba  was  introduced  into  Maryland, 
doubtless  having  been  carried  there  from  the  headwaters  of  the 
Little  Catawba  river,  in  North  Carolina.  (15)  (16) 

Grape  culture  was  now  a  success  in  the  North  and  East,  but 
no  record  has  been  found  of  attempts  made  to  grow  grapes 
commercially  in  most  of  the  South  for  years.  Howe  ver  vineyards  of 
Bourquiniana  varieties  were  being  profitably  grown  near  Savan- 
nah, Georgia,  as  early  as  eighteen  hundred  and  investigations 
have  shown  many  small  vineyards  of  Concord  and  Catawba 
from  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  northward  to  Hendersonville, 
North  Carolina,  that  have  been  bearing  for  over  twenty-five 
years,  and  evidence  was  obtained  that  at  least  one  of  these  vine- 
yards had  been  bearing  since  before  the  Civil  War.  (15)  (17)  (18) 

Successful  Plantations. — Doubtless  the  most  successful  attempt 
to  grow  grapes  commercially  in  the  South  is  in  what  is  known  as 
the  thermal  belt  at  Tryon,  North  Carolina.  (19)  (20)  Mr. 
Lindsey,  the  pioneer  grape  grower  of  this  district  and  today 
head  of  the  Tryon  Grape  Growers'  and  Shippers'  Association, 
after  courteously  showing  a  number  of  the  vineyards,  stated 
that  the  vines  are  uniformly  heatlhy  and  productive.  (15) 
Niagara  and  Deleware  are  principally  grown,  not  because  other 
varieties  do  not  succeed,  but  because  these  were  the  first  varieties 
planted  and  the  reputation  of  the  district  was  made  on  them. 
They  are  not  only  shipped  locally  in  small  quantities,  but  in  car 
lots.  They  are  grown  on  the  steep  mountain  slopes,  the  higher 
the  vineyard  the  better  the  quality  of  the  fruit  obtained.  Good 
crops  are  secured  on  the  low  lands  but  the  quality  is  not  so  good. 

John  Meir  came  from  Spain,  and  in  eighteen  hundred  ninety 
purchased  land  near  Hendersonville,  Tennessee,  and  began  plant- 
ing grapes.  He  states  that  he  has  planted  more  than  sixty  varie- 
ties during  the  time  he  has  grown  grapes  there.  He  has  the 
largest  vineyard  in  Tennessee — twenty-seven  acres,  and  reports 
good  success  from  a  financial  standpoint.  He  secures  as  large 
an  average  yield  as  do  the  New  York  or  Michigan  growers,  and 
gets  a  much  higher  price  for  his  fruit. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Graysville,  Tennessee,  A.  K.  Baker  and  Wil- 
liam Lenker  for  a  number  of  years  grew  grapes  commercially, 
growing  principally  Brighton.  Their  venture  was  highly  success- 
ful, as  a  visit  to  their  vineyard  in  nineteen  hundred  sixteen 
showed. 

In  nineteen  hundred  fourteen  Jethro  Kloss  set  several  thousand 
grape  vines  near  Fountain  Head,  Tennessee.  This  planting  was 
increased  from  time  to  time  until  it  covered  several  acres.  Mr. 
Kloss  sold  his  farm  and  the  vineyard  was  neglected  for  some  time. 
Mr.  B.  N.  Mulford  now  owns  this  vineyard  and  has  partly  re- 
suscitated it.  It  is  beginning  to  bear  profitable  crops. 

In  nineteen  hundred  sixteen  W.  S.  Boynton  planted  an  acre 


12  Successful  Plantations 

of  grapes  near  Douglasville,  Georgia,  on  flat  sandy  land.  In 
two  years  they  were  bearing  large  crops  of  marketable  grapes 
and  have  borne  regularly  since. 

In  nineteen  hundred  seventeen  and  eighteen  the  Southern 
Junior  College,  at  Ooltewah,  Tennessee,  planted  several  hundred 
grapevines  consisting  of  Concord,  Ives,  Lutie,  Niagara,  Winchel 
and  Norton.  They  are  n^w  producing  profitable  crops. 

•On  the  ridge  above  Dry  Fork  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  are 
sevearl  vinevards  of  an  acre  or  more  each,  in  extent,  mostly 
Concords,  that  aie  proving  profitable. 

The  vineyard  at  the  Nashville  Agricultural  and  Normal  In- 
stitute, near  Madison,  Tennessee,  has  been  in  bearing  since 
nineteen  hundred  fourteen.  The  crop  in  nineteen  hundred  six- 
teen averaged  eight  tons  per  acre,  and  it  did  not  fall  below  four 
tons  per  acre  until  in  nineteen  hundred  twenty  when  the  vine- 
yard suffered  severely  from  drought.  In  nineteen  hundred 
twenty-one  the  grape  crop  was  cut  short  by  frost,  but  in  nine- 
teen hundred  twenty-two  the  yield  on  all  mature  vines  is  aver- 
aging about  two  tons  to  the  acre. 

Small  vineyards  were  visited  at  Jackson  and  Hazelhurst, 
Mississippi,  at  Austel,  Atlanta  and  Griffin,  Georgia,  at  Hunts- 
ville  and  McKinley,  Alabama,  and  at  Columbia  and  Johnson 
City,  South  Carolina.  All  were  producing  grapes  of  good  quality. 
Reports  have  been  received  through  Mr.  Morrel,  Agriculturist 
for  the  Southern  Railroad,  and  from  Mr.  Zimmerman,  of  Florida, 
all  agreeing  that  grapes  are  actually  being  produced  in  many 
other  parts  of  the  South  in  sufficient  quantities  to  show  that 
they  are  profitable.  Figures  obtained  from  A.  C.  Taite  of  Old 
Fort,  North  Carolina,  show  that  his  father  has  made  a  clear 
average  profit  of  over  three  hundred  dollars  per  acre  on  his  vine- 
yard for  several  years. 


CHAPTER   II 
VARIETY  TRIALS 

As  previously  mentioned  several  settings  of  grapes  were  made 
on  the  land  of  the  Nashville  Agricultural  Normal  Institute  at 
Madison,  Tennessee  (ten  miles  from  Nashville)  previous  to  1918. 
In  1917  a  plot  of  yellow  clay  soil  lying  adjacent  to  the  latest 
planting  already  made,  and  only  about  three  or  four  hundred 
feet  from  the  other  plantings  was  selected  on  which  to  plant  a 
rather  extensive  trial  vineyard.  This  site  was  selected  because 
it  was  so  near  the  dozen  or  more  varieties  already  planted  that 
it  would  be  unnecessary  to  plant  any  of  them  again.  The  land 
was  fairly  well  drained,  lying  on  the  crest  of  a  ridge,  sloping  to 
the  west  and  southwest.  The  soil  was  poor,  but  being  clay  could 
be  built  up.  It  was  underlaid  with  strata  of  carbonate  of  lime  and 
carbonate  of  magnesia  at  a  depth  varying  from  sixteen  inches  to 
six  feet  from  the  surface,  but  this  fact  was  not  known  when-the  site 
was  selected. 

In  1917  this  land  was  planted  in  corn  for  early  roasting  ears 
and  in  August  was  planted  to  Irish  potatoes,  no  commercial 
and  but  little  stable  fertilizer  being  used.  The  potatoes  were 
dug  late  in  October  -and  the  land  was  sown  to  rye  and  crimson 
clover.  During  the  winter  sixteen  tons  per  acre  of  stable  manure 
were  spread  over  this  land.  Early  in  March,  when  the  cover 
crop  was  four  or  five  inches  tall,  the  land  was  plowed  about  eight 
inches  deep  and  in  April  the  grapes  were  set.  The  rows 
were  placed  eight  feet  apart,  and  the  plants  seven  to 
twelve  feet  apart  in  the  row,  according  to  variety.  Most 
varieties  were  planted  eight  feet  apart  in  the  row.  Varie- 
ties such  as  Brilliant,  and  Deleware  that  were  known  to  be  weak 
growers  were  set  only  seven  feet  apart  while  some  of  the  Munson 
varieties  were  planted  twelve  feet  apart.  No  fertilizer  was  used 
at  setting  time. 

Beans,  soybeans,  or  cowpeas  were  grown  between  the  rows 
the  first  summer,  and  after  most  of  the  pods  had  been  picked, 
the  tops  were  plowed  under  and  the  land  again  sown  to  rye,  with 
a  little  crimson  clover. 

The  first  season  was  very  dry,  the  drought  coming  in 
June.  In  July  there  were  heavy  rains,  and  then  extreme  drought 
again  in  August,  lasting  till  November.  As  a  result  many  of 
the  vines  died  either  before  or  during  the  winter  of  1918-19. 

In  April  of  1919  a  cover  crop  was  plowed  under  and  most 
of  the  dead  vines  were  replaced.  Some  that  could  not  be  re- 
placed were  reset  with  wholly  new  varieties. 

They  suffered  even  more  from  drought  this  second  season,  and 
the  following  winter  was  equally  hard  on  the  vineyard.  In  the 


14  Variety    Trials 

spring  of  1920  we  succeeded  in  putting  the  vineyard  in  pretty 
good  condition  and  there  has  been  little  loss  since.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  varieties  set.  Those  marked  with  $  failed  to  live, 
the  number  immediately  after  the  $  show  the  number  that 
died,  again  the  number  following  show  how  many  were  reset. 
Those  marked  with  *  were  reset  in  1919,  while  those  marked  f 
were  set  for  the  first  time  in  1919.  This  list  does  not  include 
the  V.  vinifera  varieties  as  they  appear  elsewhere.  This  vine-- 
yard was  .planted  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agri- 
culture, it  furnishing  all  vines  bearing  a  number;  the  number 
being  their  nursery  number. 

All  grapes  are  more  or  less  subject  to  brown  rot. and  bird's 
eye  rot  in  this  climate.  As  a  preventative  these  grapes  were 
sprayed  three  times  in  1922,  4-4-50  Bordeaux  mixtitre  being  used. 
Heavy  and  continuous  rains  prevented  this  giving  the 
degree  of  protection  that  could  reasonably  have  been  expected 
but  as  all  were  treated  alike  the  degree  of  susceptibility  observed 
/should  be  accurate.  Those  varieties  only  slighly  subject  to  rot 
are  marked  1.  Those  showing  considerable  disease  are  marked 
2,  while  those  in  which  the  disease  was  so  severe  as  to  seriously 
damage  the  market  quality  of  most  of  the  bunches  are  marked  3. 

These  numbers  appear  at  the  extreme  right  in  the  complete  list. 

Phylloxera  has  not  been  present  thus  far  in  great  enough  degree 
to  make  if  possible  to  give  an  accurate  study  of  variety  suscepti- 
bility-to  this  disease. 

Leaf  roller  has  given  more  or  less  trouble  every  season  since 
the  vineyard  was  planted.  A  few  varieties  seem  wholly  resistant 
to  this  insect  while  none  seem  conspicuously  susceptible  above 
the  general  average.  Those  that  are  resistant  are  marked*  on 
the  list  of  fifty. 

No.  Vines  Variety      Vitality      No.     Resistance  to  rot 

2  *      Agawam  F         7842  2     • 

3  $  *       Albania  2 
5          f       Amber  Queen     S          7845              2 
5                 Ambrosia            S          7846  2 

4  *      America  R  1 

5  Alexander  Winter  F     6759 

5  Alice  F  6760  3 

5  $  2  *  •    Amerbonte  .  6765  1 

5  Antionette  S  6766  2 

5  Arkansas  F  6767  1 

5         t      Armalaga  R  1 

4  $      Atoka  6769  2 

5  Bacchus  S          6648  2 
5                Banner               F         6772  1 
5$  1  f      Barry                 F  -      6774              2 


Variety  Trials  15 

No.  Vines  Variety         Vitality     No.     Resistance  to  rot 


5 

Belle 

W 

6775 

2 

4 

4  t 

Berkmans 

F-S 

6652 

1 

1 

Berkmans 

6652 

1 

5 

* 

Brilliant 

F 

1 

4 

Bertha 

F 

6778 

2 

3$ 

1  t 

Big  Extra 

S 

6654 

3 

1 

Big  Extra 

s 

6781 

3 

5 

Blondin 

S 

6782 

2 

5 

$ 

Captain 

6785 

2 

5 

* 

Captivator 

F 

2 

5 

Cayuga 

F 

6790 

2 

5 

* 

Carmen 

W 

2 

5 

Centenial 

W 

6791 

2 

5 

Champenel 

R 

6792 

1 

3 

Champion 

S 

6795 

2 

2 

Champion 

S 

6794 

2 

5 

Clevener 

F 

6797 

2 

5 

Collier 

F-W 

2 

5 

Colombian  Imp. 

F 

6803 

2 

5 

Cornucopia 

W 

6805 

3 

5 

Creveling 

S 

6806 

2 

5 

Cunningham 

W 

6808 

2 

5 

$ 

Big  Hope 

7856 

2 

5 

Brighton 

F 

7858 

1 

5 

•  * 

Diogenese 

F 

7875 

2 

5 

Delaba 

F 

6811 

3 

5 

Delaware 

F 

6812 

1 

5 

Diana 

F 

6672 

2 

5 

Dracut  Amber 

F 

6817 

2 

5 

* 

Eclipse 

F 

2 

5$ 

2  t 

Ellen  Scott 

F-S 

6822 

1 

5 

* 

Edna 

W 

2 

5 

t 

Elvira 

F 

6824 

2 

5 

t 

Emerald 

F-W 

6677 

2 

5$ 

1  t 

Essex 

F 

6829 

2 

4 

Etta 

W 

6832 

2 

1$ 

1  t 

Etta 

W 

6831 

2 

4 

* 

Ellen  Scott 

F-S 

1 

5 

Eumodel 

W 

6833 

1 

5 

Eumelan 

W 

6835 

1 

3 

$ 

Faith 

S 

6679 

2 

2 

$ 

Faith 

s 

6836 

2 

5 

* 

Franklin 

R 

7892 

2 

5 

* 

Fern  Munson 

R 

1 

5$ 

4t 

Gaertner 

F 

6680 

2 

4$ 

3t 

Golden  Drop 

S 

6840 

2 

ir, 


Variety    Trials 


Vines 

Variety        \ 

ilality 

No.     Resistance  to  rot 

I 

Golden  Drop 

S 

6840 

2 

5 

Gold 

F 

2 

1 

Gold  Dust 

W 

2 

3  $ 

2 

Govenor  Ross 

W 

6683 

2 

2 

Governor  Ross 

W 

6683 

2 

5 

Green's  Early 

F 

7898 

2 

5 

G  rein's  Golden 

F 

7899 

2 

3 

Headlight 

W 

1 

4  $ 

3  f 

Helen  Keller 

F 

6845 

1 

1 

Helen  Keller 

F 

6846 

1 

4 

Herbert 

F 

6687 

2 

1 

Herbert 

F 

6847 

2 

5 

Hicks 

F-S 

1 

2 

Hopicans 

F 

6849 

2 

3  $ 

2  t 

Hopicans 

F 

6850 

2 

1 

.$' 

lona 

6690 

2 

4 

1 

lona 

6853 

2 

Isabella 

S 

6691 

3 

3 

Isabella 

S 

6854 

3 

5 

* 

Ive's  Seedline: 

S 

1 

3 

3  t 

Jaeger 

F 

6855 

2 

5 

* 

Jessica 

F 

7911 

2 

3 

Kingsessing 

W 

6858 

3 

3 

* 

Last  Rose 

F 

1 

5 

* 

Linn 

F 

7916 

2 

1 

Lindley's 

S 

6883 

2 

4  $ 

2  t 

Lindley's 

S 

6864 

2 

5 

5  t 

Livingston 

F 

6866 

3 

4 

* 

Loinanto 

F 

1 

5 

Long  John 

F 

6868 

2 

5 

5  t 

Louisiana 

W 

6869 

1 

4 

t 

Lukfata 

R 

6873 

1 

3  $ 

2  t 

Manito 

R 

6875 

1 

5 

5f 

Marguerite 

S-R 

6877 

3 

5 

Massasoit 

S 

6880 

2 

4  $ 

1  t 

Maxatawney 

F 

6881 

2 

1 

Maxatawney 

S 

1881 

2 

5 

5  t 

Mericadel 

S 

6701 

2 

5 

Merrimac 

R 

6882 

3 

5 

t 

Moyer 

F 

7928 

2 

5  $ 

2 

Muench 

R 

6886 

2 

2 

$ 

Oliatatoo 

6710 

2 

3 

$ 

Oliatatoo 

6891 

2 

3 

Onedia 

W 

6894 

2 

3 

Oneida 

W 

6895 

2 

R 

5  t 

Paradox 

F 

6899 

3 

Variety  Trials  17 


5 

o  t       Peabody         F         6901 

2 

3 

Prentiss          S          0909 

2 

5 

$  f>  f       Poughkeepsie             7937 

2 

5 

$       Pressley                      7939 

2 

5 

$  3  f      Red  Eagle      W        6913 

2 

4 

Rockford         S          6919 

3 

1 

Rockford         S          6920 

3 

5 

1   f       Rommel          S          6926 

2 

5 

Ronaldo          F          6928 

2 

5 

Rupert            F          6929 

2 

5 

Rebecca          R         6931 

2 

6 

*       R.  W.  Munson  R 

3 

Salem              F          6923 

2 

5 

f       Stark's  Delicious  F 

2 

5 

Triumph         F          6938 

2 

5 

Valhalah         S-F      6939 

2 

o 

S  1   f        Vergennes       F          6719 

2 

4 

Wine  King     R 

1 

5 

Wyoming  Red  W      6946 

2 

At  least  25  of  each  of  the    following   had  been  planted  before 
1918  except  Seedling  No.  6. 

Brighton                       F 

Catawba                      F 

Caco                             F 

Campbell's  Early        F-S 

Concord                       F 

Cynthiana                   S-F 

Diamond                     S 

Variety 

Green  Mountain  (Winchel) 

F-S 

Lutie                            F 

Moore's  Early             W-F 

Niagara                       S 

Norton                         S 

Perkins                        S 

Pocklington                 S 

1        Vine  Seedling  No.      6F 

Worden                       F 

CARE  OF  VINEYARDS 

These  grapes  have  not  received  as  good  cultivation  as  they 
should  have  had,  and  altogether  have  suffered  more  hardships 
than  would  be  the  case  in  the  average  vineyard.  In  a  way  this 
has  been  an  advantage  as  it  has  helped  show  the  weeknesses  of 
the  more  undesirable  varieties. 


18  Promising    Varieties 

In  1921-1922  all  grapes  were  carefully  pruned  arid  put  on  wires, 
the  two-wire  Kniffin  system  being  used.  All  of  the  pre- 
vious year's  growth  was  carefully  measured  and  recorded  in  order 
to  make  a  careful  comparative  stud}'  of  their  habits  of  growth. 
The  growth  up  to  August  1,  1922  was  again  studied,  and  the  results 
of  these  two  studies  appear  in  the  first  list  under  vitality. 
The  strongest  growers  are  marked  R  ''rampant),  Those  pro- 
ducing more  than  one  hundred  feet  of  new  wood  arc  marked  S 
(strong  growers)  provided  they  did  not  show  weak  growth  in 
1922.  Those  making  less  than  one  hundred  feet  of  new  wood 
but  more  than  fifty  fair  are  marked  F  (fair)  while  those  making 
still  less  growth  are  marked  W  (weak  growers.) 
•  In  a  few  instances  failure  to  make  strong  growth  might  possibly 
be  due  to  the  ne.arness  of  rock  formation  under  a  vine,  but  as 
in  most  instances  there  are  five  vines  of  each  variety,  and  as  the 
average  growth  is  taken  in  each  case,  the  unfavorable  location 
of  a  single  vine  does  not  give  any  serious  discrepancy. 

Late  frosts  in  1921  prevented  many  varieties  fruiting  at  all, 
but  a  carefully  tabulated  study  of  quality,  quantity,  and  char- 
acter of  fruit  borne  by  every  vine  that  fruited  was  made.  A 
Similar  study  and  record  was  made  of  these  same  varietiees  in 
the  United  States  Government  test  vineyard  at  Arlington,  Vir- 
ginia, in  August  of  the  same  year. 

In  1922  a  similar  careful  study  was  made  of  the  fruit  in  the 
trial  vineyard  at  Madison.  A  severe  hail  storm  on  August  3, 
1922  destroyed  a  great  part  of  the  fruit,  however,  so  it  was  im- 
possible to  get  the  exact  weight  of  the  fruit  on  the  different  vines. 

MOST  PROMISING  VARIETIES 

A  list  of  the  fifty  most  promising  varieties  is  here  given  with 
a  record  of  their  behavior.  Those  marked  H  fruit  heavily.  Those 
marked  M  bear  an  average  or  moderate  crop,  while  those  marked 
F  have  only  made  a  fair  yield.  It  is  not  deemed  necessary  to 
list  those  that  bore  less  than  a  fair  crop.  It  must  be  understood 
however  that  the  vineyard  is  young  and  some  varieties  come 
into  bearing  younger  than  others.  On  the  other  hand,  the  vine- 
yard at  Arlington,  Virginia,  is  well  established  and  should  have 
corrected  any  errors  in  the  Madison  vineyard. 

Agawam  T  M  Banner  T  H 

America  J-T  F  *Berkman's  J-T  M 

Armalaga  J-T  M  Brighton  T  M 

Bacchus  J  M  Brilliant  T  F 


*  Since  the  above  table  was  compiled  all  of  these  varities  have  been  studied  for  two  more 
years  .But  there  has  been  no  reason  to  change  the  relative  rating  of  any  of  them,  all  now 
making  an  abundance  of  wood  and  are  bearing  well. 


Conduct  of  Trials  19 


Captivator 

T 

M 

Lomento 

J-T 

M 

Campbell's  Early 

T 

H 

*Lukfata 

J-T 

M 

Catawba 

T 

M 

Lutie 

T 

M 

Cynthiana 

J-T 

F 

Last  Rose 

T 

M 

Concord 

T 

M 

Mericadel 

J-T 

M 

Delaware 

T 

F 

Manito 

T 

M 

Diamond  (Moore's)  T 

M 

Moore's  Early 

T 

F 

Eclipse 

T 

M 

Nectar 

T 

F 

Ellen  Scott 

T-J 

H 

Niagara 

T 

H 

Elvira 

T-J 

F 

Norton's 

J 

H 

Eumodel 

T 

M 

Number  6 

T 

H 

Eumelan 

T 

M 

Peabody 

J-T 

M 

Faith 

J-T 

M 

Perkins 

J 

M 

*Fern  Munson 

J-T 

H 

Pocklington 

T 

F 

Golden  Grain 

T 

F 

*R.  W.  Munson 

J-T 

M 

Gold  Dust 

T 

M 

Salem 

T 

M 

Green  Mountain 

T 

M 

Stark's  Delicious 

T 

M 

Herbert 

T 

M 

Wine  King 

J-T 

F 

Hicks 

T 

M 

Wyoming  Red 

J-T 

M 

Hopicans 

J-T 

F 

Worden 

T 

M 

Ive's  Seedling 

J-T 

H 

Xenia 

T 

M 

In  the  list  above  J  means  best  for  making  grape  juice,  T  for 
table  use. 

ADABTAB1LITY 

Those  grapes  that  after  two  fruiting  seasons  seem  to  be  most 
reliable  for  general  planting  over  a  great  district  in  the  'South 
are  given  in  the  list  at  the  close  of  this  chapter.  Only  such 
varieties  are  listed  as  have  been  observed  or  reported  as  succeed- 
ing in  widely  separated  parts  of  the  South.  This  list  is  of  less 
value  south  of  the  latitude  of  Atlanta,  Georgia  than  it  is  north 
of  that  line.  All  grapes  included  in  this  list  are  not  of  equal 
value  as  table  grapes.  To  illustrate,  Norton's  Virginia  bears 
heavy  crops  of  grapes  that  are  of  great  value  for  grape  juice, 
jelly,  etc.,  but  are  not  satisfactory  as  table  grapes.  Wine 
King  falls  into  the  same  class.  Ives'  seedling  is  a  most  excellent 
grape  for  these  purposes  but  it  is  also  a  good  table  grape  when 
well  ripened,  which  means  at  least  ten  days  after  it  has  turned 
black. 

Lutie  and  Ellen  Scott  are  both  free  bearers  of  excellent  grapes 
for  home  use  but  the  former  loses  flavor  quickly  when  picked 
and  shatters  badly,  while  the  latter  has  a  very  thin  skin  and  so 
bruises  and  bursts  easily.  Neither  will  do  for  distant  market. 
Green  Mountain  is  a  most  excellent  table  grape,  but  is  too  small 
to  look  attractive  on  the  market.  Worden  is  included  in  this 


20 


Recommended   Varieties 


list  because  it  is  very  fine  where  it  succeeds,  though  it  is  not 
adapted  to  such  a  wide  variation  of  soil  and  climate. 

List  of  grapes  recommended  for  planting  in  the  South: 

Green  Mountain 

Ives'  Seedling 

Lutie 

Moore's  Early 

Norton's 

Number  6  (Seedling) 

Niagara 

R.  W.  Munson 

Salem 

Worden 

Wine  King 

Wyoming  Red 


Armalaga 

Banner  (should  be  grafted) 

Berkman's 

Brighton 

Campbell's  Early 

Catawba 

Concord 

Cynthiana  (in  places) 

Delaware 

Diamond  (Moore's) 

Ellen  Scott 

Enmodel 

Fern  Munson 


CHAPTER  III 
GRAPE   BREEDING 

The  work  of  grape  breeding  herein  reported  began  in  the  spring 
of  1916,  though  several  crosses  had  been  made  in  a  neighbor's 
vineyard  in  1913.  Crosses  were  made  between  Concord,  Lutie 
Moore's  Early,  Niagara,  Diamond,  Worden,  Delaware,  and  later 
Green  Mountain  (Winchel).  Each  variety  was  used  as  a  pollin- 
ator of  every  other  variety  except  that  Delaware  was  at  no  time 
used  as  a  mother.  The  actual  work  was  largely  done  by  Botany 
and  Biology  classes  under  direction  of  the  writer  as  teacher. 

Just  as  a  cluster  of  blossoms  were  opening  'and  before  any 
pollen  had  ripened  all  anthers  were  removed,  either  by  hand  or 
with  tweezers,  a  reading  glass  being  employed  where  necessary 
to  make  sure  the  work  was  thoroughly  done.  A  cluster  of  blossoms, 
the  pollen  of  which  was  ripe,  was  then  brought  from  the  other 
parent  and  the  pollen  thoroughly  dusted  over  the  emasculated 
cluster,  which  was  at  once  enclosed  in  a  tissue  paper  cap  and 
labeled.  By  this  method  only  a  few  of  the  blossoms  on  a  cluster 
took  the  pollen  and  matured  fruit,  but  this  insured  well  matured 
seed.  Grapes  are  more  difficult  to  pollinate  than  many  other 
flowers  but  the  simple  method  used  never  failed  to  produce  at 
least  a  few  grapes. 

The  fruit  was  allowed  to  ripen  thoroughly  and  was  then 
gathered,  the  seeds  saved,  and  planted,  a  label  being  placed 
with  each  lot.  Some  of  the  seeds  were  kept  in  a  dry  state  for 
some  months  before  planting,  but  all  were  planted  before  January 
1,  in  cold  frames  without  protection  of  any  kind. 

The  percentage  of  germination  has  been  uniformly  good,  but 
perhaps  half  of  the  seedlings  produced  have  not  lived  for  more 
than  three  months.  They  suffer  from  insect  ravages,  damping 
off  and  blight,  and  many  of  them  die  without  any  apparent 
reason.  Seedlings  are  never  sprayed  or  given  any  sort  of  pro- 
tection as  it  is  felt  that  only  plants  that  are  strong  enough 
to  succeed  without  protection  would  be  strong  enough  for  general 
cultivation.  A  good  seedling  should  produce  two  or  three  feet 
of  top  the  first  summer. 

When  one  year  old  all  seedlings  are  transplanted  to  a  nursery 
row  and  cut  back  to  two  inches  in  height.  Here  great  loss  is 
sustained,  for  reasons  that  have  not  been  satisfactorily  determined. 
These  vines  are  cared  for  as  if  they  were  yearling  vines  brought 
from  a  nursery,  being  cut  back  hard  each  spring  but  are  not 
sprayed.  The  first  blossoms  may  appear  the  third  year  but 
some  have  never  blossomed  as  yet. 

The  first  fruit  set  on  a  seedling  is  almost  sure  to  be  small  but 
it  is  possible  to  determine  the  color  and  flavor.  Both  size  of  berry 


22  Grape  Breeding 

and  size  of  bunch  increased  for  three  years  or  more,  at  the  end 
of  which  time  it  is  possible  to  determine  the  value  of  a  seedling. 
There  are  always  some  vines  that  are  pure  males  and  as  soon  as 
this  is  determined  they  are  destroyed. 

Only  one  seedling  of  promise  has  appeared  thus  far.  It  is  a 
Concord  seedling  pollinated  with  Delaware.  This  vine  is  now 
seven  years  old  but  was  transplanted  when  three  years  old  and 
suffered  greatly  as  a  result,  This  is  designated  in  this  dissertation 
as  No.  6.  This  vine  had  never  been  sprayed  until  1922,  when, 
it  was  sprayed  with  the  rest  of  the  vineyard. 

The  plant  is  a  strong  grower  but  produces  a  slender  vine  with 
short  internodes.  The  color  of  the  bark  on  the  young  wood  is 
rather  distinctive,  being  a  peculiar  grayish  color  as  if  slightly 
mildewed.  The  foliage  is  ample  but  the  leaf  is  not  large.  In 
outline  and  color  it  resembles  the  foliage  of  Concord. 

Experiments  show  that  this  grape  roots  easily  from  ordinary 
hard  wood  cuttings,  but  the  cuttings  should  be  made  rather  early 
in  the  fall  as  the  newly  formed  wood  at  the  tips  of  the  vine  suffers 
from  the  winter,  often  killing  back  two  or  three  feet.  Otherwise 
the  vine  is  hardy. 

The  vine  is  unusually  productive,  the  blossoms  being  perfect 
and  apparently  self-fertile.  The  clusters  are  of  medium  size 
and  vary  somewhat  in  shape,  though  they  are  mostly  slightly 
shouldered.  The  berry  is  black,  or  blue-black,  closely  resembling 
Concord  in  color.  The  size  is  still  increasing  but  is  not  yet  so 
large  as  Concord,  though  larger  than  the  old  and  well  known 
Clinton.  The  flavor  is  exceptionally  good,  resembling  that  of 
Deleware.  The  skin  is  unusually  thin  though  it  shows  no  ten- 
dency to  crack. 

The  ripening  period  has  not  yet  been  fully  determined.  When 
it  bore  its  first  fruit  it  ripened  with  Moore's  Early,  and  the  follow- 
ing season  it  was  ready  to  eat  as  early  as  Lutie  and  Green  Moun- 
tain. In  1922  the  fruit  ripened  only  a  week  earlier  than  Concord, 
and  fully  ten  days  later  than  either  Lutie  or  Green  Mountain. 

This  grape  has  not  shown  the  least  susceptibility  to  rot  or  mil- 
dew of  any  kind,  and  has  always  produced  well  filled  bunches 
until  the  present  season,  1922,  when  in  common  with  other  varie- 
ties many  of  the  flowers  failed  to  set  fruit,  doubtless  because  of 
the  almost  continuous  rains  at  blossoming  time.  * 

Several  other  seedlings  show  vigor  and  disease  resistance 
but  have  not  as  yet  produced  fruit,  or  if  fruit  has  been  produced, 
the  quality  is  inferior. 

*  This  grape  has  since  shown  acceptability  to  black  rot,  though  it  is  more  resistant  than 
Concord. 


Southern  Grape  Breeders  23 

OTHER  SOUTHERN  GRAPE  BREEDERS 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  Dr.  L.  C.  Chisholm  of 
Spring  Hill,  Tennessee,  became  interested  in  grape  breeding  as 
a  recreation.  No  very  complete  account  of  his  work  is  available, 
but  for  the  purpose  of  this  dissertation  this  is  not  needed.  He 
produced  three  varieties  of  sufficient  merit  to  be  tested  to  some 
extent,  but  as  none  of  them  showed  great  merit  in  New  York,  they 
were  never  widely  planted  and  were  soon  dropped  from  most  nurs- 
ery lists.  However  of  these  one,  Lutie,  was  of  such  outstanding 
merit  in  the  South,  that  it  has  gradually  forced  its  way  to  the  front, 
and  information  received  by  conversation  with  the  Vitacultur- 
ist  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  shows  it  is 
now  being  planted  more  widely  than  any  other  red  grape  in  the 
United  States.  Its  disease  resistance,  productiveness,  and  table 
qualities  especially  recommend  it  to  the  South.  Its  greatest 
weakness  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  neither  keeps  nor  ships  well, 
and  the  crop  does  not  ripen  all  at  once.  Naturally  these  are  no 
disadvantage  for  home  use. 

Many  inferior  varieties  have  been  sold  for  Lutie,  hence  its 
reputation  has  suffered  in  certain  localities. 

Observations  made  within  ten  miles  of  the  site  of  its  origin 
showed  it  growing  luxuraintly  on  a  trellis  owned  by  D.  K.  Tren- 
airy,  though  it  had  never  been  either  sprayed  or  pruned,  pro- 
ducing large  crops  regularly. 

In  1873  Mr.  T.  V.  Munson  became  intensely  interested  in 
grape  culture.  In  187G  he  purchased  land  near  Dennison,  Texas, 
and  began  his  life  work  of  testing  and  breeding  grapes.  Mr. 
Munson  spent  thousands  of  dollars  and  traveled  all  over  the 
United  States  studying  wild  grapes  and  collecting  plants  for  his 
breeding  station.  He  became  the  foremost  authority  on  both  the 
botany  of  the  grape  and  grape  breeding  in  America.  He  made 
thousands  of  crosses  and  grew  tens  of  thousands  of  seedlings. 
Something  more  than  a  hundred  of  these  have  been  offered 
to  the  public.  None  proved  of  great  value  in  the  North  and  hence 
they  have  not  been  widely  planted  or  known. 

They  are  very  rapidly,  gaining  popularity  in  Texas  and 
Oklahoma  and  recently  have  proven  of  great  value  in  Florida 
where  they  are  being  planted  by  thousands.  Wherever  tested 
south  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon  line  they  are  showing  their  value 
and  are  doing  their  part  in  proving  that  grapes  produced  in  the 
South  will  yield  profitable  crops  there. 

The  Zimmerman  Brothers  of  Oldsmar,  Florida  have  not  onty 
tested  many  of  the  Munson  varieties  but  have  used  them  as 
parent  stock  for  growing  seedlings.  Today  they  are  growing 
grapes  very  profitably,  but  invariably  those  giving  best  results 
are  either  their  own  or  the  Munson  varieties. 


24  Southern  Crape  Breeders 

All  who  have  become  intelligent  on  the  subject  agree  that  these 
two  men,  and  especially  Munson,  have  not  only  given  us  some 
of  the  finest  flavored  grapes  known  to  cultivation,  but  have 
solved  the  question  of  grape  growing  in  the  South  by  providing 
varieties  that  are  resistant  to  philloxera,  black  rot,  and  bird's 
eye  rot,  the  leading  grape  enemies  in  this  region. 

While  it  has  proven  impossible  to  secure  reliable  statistics, 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  State 
Departments  of  Agriculture  of  Florida,  Alabama,  Tennessee, 
and  North  Carolina  all  agree  that  the  production  of  grapes  in  the 
South  is  now  on  the  increase.  Florida  alone  reports  an  increase 
of  six  thousand  acres  of  vinej'ard  within  the  last  ten  years.  A 
Grape  Growers'  and  Shippers'  Association  has  been  formed  with 
headquarters  at  Oldsmar.  Growers  predict  that  grape  growing 
will  soon  take  rank  with  orange  culture  in  Florida. 


CHAPTER  IV 
VIN1FERA  GRAPES  EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS 

As  before  stated,  practically  all  attempts  to  grow  grapes  in 
America  before  1800  were  failures  because  only  the  vinifera 
varieties  were  planted.  (14)(25)(26)  These  attempts  were  made  in 
widely  separated  parts  of  the  country.  The  Jesuits  near  St. 
Louis,  Missouri;  Nicholas  Longworth,  Sr.,  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio; 
Dunfour  in  Kentucky;  the  Prices — father,  son  and  grandson— 
on  Long  Island;  a  colony  of  Napoleon's  exiled  officers  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tombigbee;  and  the  old  French  settlers  in  Louisiana; 
all  grew  these  grapes  rather  extensively,  and  in  the  early  history  of 
their  enterprises  with  fair  success.  All  had  the  same  experience. 
In  a  few  years  the  vines  sickened  and  died;  but  no  one  at  that 
period  seems  to  have  discovered  the  cause. 

Vinifera  grapes  have  soft,  fleshy  roots;  a  feature  that  disting- 
uishes them  from  all  other  grapes.  Everywhere  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  our  wild  grapes  have  always  been  more  or 
less  infested  with  small  aphids  known  as  phylloxera.  These 
aphids  begin  their  work  on  the  leaves,  but  quickly  move  to  the 
roots,  where  they  live  for  years.  These  insects  pierce  the  bark 
of  the  root  with  their  beaks  and  suck  the  sap.  Whether  they 
inject  an  irritating  substance  into  the  root  or  whether  the  mere 
mechanical  effect  of  the  piercing  injures  the  root  is  not  fully 
determined.  Whatever  the  cause,  the  roots  soon  develop  knotty 
protuberances  at  the  point  of  injury  which  hinder  the  free  passage 
of  sap.  Of  course  this  is  just  what  the  insect  desires. 

On  most  of  our  native  species  the  bark  is  hard  and  very  little 
injury  is  caused  by  the  insect.  But  the  soft,  fleshy  roots  of  the 
vinifera  respond  so  readily  to  the  work  of  phylloxera  that  they 
soon  cease  to  develop  new  roots;  and  in  a  few  months  or,  at 
most,  years,  the  vine  dies,  Of  our  native  grapes  the  labrusca 
suffer  most  from  these  insects;  hence  we  would  naturally  ex- 
pect phylloxera  to  be  less  abundant  where  this  grape  thrives  in 
the  wild  state.  This  is  true,  but  another  difficulty  is  found 
here.  Labrusca  grapes  are  native  where  there  is  great 
and  sudden  variation  in  temperature.  This  is  alike  fatal  to 
phylloxera  and  to  vinifera  grapes,  both  of  which  need  an  equable 
temperature. 

TESTS  IN  Ti  NNESSEE 

In  1912  several  hundreds  of  Vinifera  grape  cuttings  were  sent 
to  the  Nashville  Agricultural  Normal  -Institute  from  California 
for  trial.  These  were  either  planted  or  distributed  among  affili- 
ated institutions.  They  rooted  promptly  and  grew  rapidly, 
but  many  of  them  failed  to  survive  the  changeable  weather  of 


26  Vinifira    Trials 

the  first  winter.  Most  of  those  that  survived  grew  readily 
the  first  half  of  the  second  summer,  by  which  time,  being  unsprayed, 
the  foliage  was  badly  damaged  by  rot.  In  a  few  instances  they 
grew  three  years  and  produced  fruit  of  good  quality,  but  by  this 
time  they  became  infected  with  phylloxera  and  soon  died. 

In  1914  some  vinifera  wood  was  grafted  on  wild  vines  by  Neil 
Martin,  near  Bon  Aqua,  Tennessee,  which  took  readily  and  made 
good  growth.  The  second  year  some  fruit  was  produced  but 
being  unsprayed  the  foliage  became  diseased.  Unfortunately 
they  had  been  grafted  on  slow  growing  vines,  and  the  vinifera 
grew  so  much  more  rapidly  than  the  vine  on  which  they  grew 
that  they  broke  off  in  a  wind  storm  and  this  experiment 
came  to  an  untimely  end. 

In  1918  the  appended  list  of  vinifera  grapes  were  obtained 
from  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  They  were 
sent  from  Chico,  California,  and  did  not  arrive  in  good  condition. 
Some  of  the  roots  were  very  dry.  All  were  planted  on  a  slight 
southwestern  exposure  on  heavy  clay  soil,  together  with  over  a 
hundred  American  varieties.  The  season  proved  unusually  dry. 
and  many  of  the  plants  failed  to  grow.  These  were  replaced  the 
next  spring,  but  a  second  even  more  severe  and  prolonged  drouth 
prevented  their  growing  well.  The  drought  was  so  severe  that 
the  grapes  withered  on  well  established  Lutie  and  Concord  vines, 
and  a  number  of  six-year-old  Lutie  vines  and  three  six-year-old 
Concord  vines  died  outright.  The  unusually  cold 
winter  of  1919-20  following  this  drought  killed  most  of  the 
remaining  vines  together  with  nearly  a  hundred  vines  of  various 
American  varieties  of  the  same  age.  It  is  felt  that  this  experiment 
failed  to  show  these  grapes  under  normal  conditions,  yet  several 
vines  produced  a  few  bunches  of  first  class  grapes,  entirely  free 
from  mildew,  rot,  or  other  disease  the  second  season.  New  set- 
tings under  normal  conditions  are  thriving,  but  are  not  old  enough 
to  produce  fruit.  All  of  these  are  grafted  vines. 

List  of  vinifera  grapes  planted  on  trial  vineyard  near  Madison, 
Tennessee,  in  1918.  Only  one  vine  of  each  was  planted. 

Variety  Slock 

Alexandria  Joly 

Angelina  Mont. 'x  Rip. 

Albardiens  Rup.  St.  George 

Aramon  Mont,  x  Rip. 

Burger  Constantia 

Black  Morocco  Rup.  St.  George 

Bokator  Constantia 
Blauer  Portugieser       Constantia 


Vinifira  Trials 


27 


Variety 

Stock 

Chass.  do  re 

Mourv.  x  Rup. 

Cinsaut 

Mont,  x  Rip. 

Corinthe  Blanc 

Berl.  x  Rip. 

Corinthe  Rose 

Mont,  x  Rip. 

Cornichon 

Constantia 

Chass.  RosedeFalleaux 

Rup.  St.  George 

Chass.  Rose  Royal 

Constantia 

Dodrelabi 

Rup.  x  Berl. 

Damascus 

Constantia 

Emperor 

Rup.  St.  George 

Flame  Tokay 

Rip.  x  Rup.  Jaeger 

Green  Hungarian 

Rup.  Des  Semis 

Jura  Muscat 

Constantia 

Kadarka 

Constantia 

Lann  Traube 

Constantia 

Luglienga  Nero 

Rip.  x  Rup. 

Mantua  de  Philo 

Constantia 

Muscatel  Frontignam 

Mont,  x  Rip. 

Qhanez 

Berl.  x  Rip. 

Olivette  noir 

Berl.  x  Rip. 

Panariti 

Rip.  x  Berl. 

Panariti 

Rup.  x  Berl. 

Syrian 

Constantia 

St.  Macaire 

Rup.  x  Berl. 

Sicilien 

Constantia 

Servan  Blanc 

Berl.  x  Rip. 

Semillon 

Rup.  x  Berl. 

Terret  Monsite 

Rup.  St.  George 

Trivolti 

Constantia 

Torock  goher  noir 

Constantia 

Teneron 

Rup.  St.  George 

Bermentino 

Berl.  x  Rip. 

Vahandova 

Rup.  St.  George 

Vigne  de  Zericho 

Constantia 

Veltliner 

Mont,  x  Rip. 

Verdel 

Rup.  St.  George 

White  Tokay 

Rup.  x  Berl. 

Zinfandel 

Constantia 

28  Vinifira  Trials 

VINIFERA  ON  ITS  OWN  ROOTS 

In  1919  the  acquaintance  was  made  of  a  Mr.  Poganani  of  West 
Grove,  Pennsylvania.  This  man  was  acting  as  fireman  in  the 
Dingee  arid  Conrad  Rose  Company's  greenhouses.  lie  proudly 
exhibited  a  home  vineyard  of  vinifera  grapes  that  were  bearing 
heavily,  though  growing  on  their  own  roots.  He  offered  to  lead 
the  way  to  a  number  of  similar  vineyards  which  he  stated  were 
doing  as  well  as  his  own.  Mr.  Robert  Pyle  and  Mr.  Antoine 
Wintzer  of  the  Conrad-Jones  Company  have  reported  this  vine- 
yard several  times  since,  and  sent  cuttings  from  it.  It  is  still 
thriving  and  bearing  regularly. 

This  vineyard  is  growing  in  clay  mixed  with  sharp  sand.  It 
was  planted  from  cuttings  some  three  feet  long.  The  varieties 
are  the  three  Muscatels  and  the  cuttings  were  brought  from  Italy. 
Holes  were  dug  eighteen  inches  deep  and  the  cutting  was  coiled  in 
the  bottom  of  the  hole  until  it  just  reached  the  surface.  Mr.  Pog- 
anani feels  that  this  method  of  planting  is  important.  The  grapes 
are  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture  regularly  every  ten  days  or 
two  weeks,  and  are  carefully  pruned  and  cultivated. 

OTHER  SOUTHERN  TRIALS 

In  about  1910  Mr.  Lindsay,  of  Tryon,  North  Carolina,  received 
a  number  of  varieties  of  vinifera  grapes  from  the  Department 
of  Agriculture.  These  were  grafted  on  resistant  roots.  They 
have  received  the  same  treatment  as  his  other  vineyards.  When 
studied  in  1921  they  were  thriving  and  Mr.  Lindsay  stated 
that  they  fruited  regularly.  He  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  vinifera 
grapes  can  be  grown  there,  and  with  very  little  more  trouble 
than  the  American  varieties,  if  grafted  on  proper  roots.  Because 
of  his  well  established  and  profitable  trade  in  the  American  varie- 
ties and  because  of  failing  health,  he  has  not  increased  his  plant- 
ings. 

In  1918  the  Southern  Railroad  Company  furnished  one 
hundred  vinifera  grapes  grafted  on  resistant  roots  for  a  trial 
in  northern  Georgia.  Mr.  Morrell  reports  that  they  are  doing 
well  and  are  already  coming  into  profitable  bearing. 

In  the  Sixteenth  Biennial  Report  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Florida,  F.  J.  Zimmerman,  the  leading 
authority  on  grape  growing  in  Florida,  states  that  'The  vinifera 
varieties  of  Europe  and  California  are  found  to  do  reasonably 
well  only  when  grafted  on  phylloxera  resistant  roots."  This 
doubtless  refers  to  conditions  in  Florida. 

Many  additional  instances  observed  or  reported  by  Mr.  Huss- 
man,  Chief  Viticulturist  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  make  it  reasonably  clear  that  if  vinifera  grapes  are 


Vinifira  Trials  29 

grafted  on  resistant  roots  of  a  character  that  is  adapted  to  the 
soil  where  they  are  to  grow;  and  if  the  vines  are  regularly  and 
carefully  sprayed  with  4-6-50  Bordeaux  mixture,  with  arsenate  of 
lead  added  when  necessary  to  prevent  insect  ravages,  vinifira 
grapes  can  be  successfully  grown  over  much  of  the  South.  It 
is  safe  to  predict  that  there  will  be  many  small  plantings  of  these 
grapes  made  in  this  section  in  the  near  future. 


CHAPTER  V 
RESPONSE   TO    ENVIORNMENT 

In  studying  grapes  in  different  localities  it  soon  became  evident 
that  a  grape  that  succeeds  in  one  locality  may  be  of  little  worth 
in  some  other  place.  To  illustrate,  an  attempt  was  made  to  grow 
Muscadine  grapes  dug.  on  the  banks  of  the  Oostanaula  River, 
Georgia,  at  Hillcrest,  some  eight  miles  from  Nashville,  Tennessee: 
but  they  made  only  indifferent  growth  and  never  bloomed. 

Mr.  Ed.  Truitt  of  Franklin,  Tennessee,  reported  most  excellent 
success  with  Catawba  grapes,  and  because  of  his  success  two  hun- 
dred vines  of  this  variety  were  set  at  Nashville  Agricultural 
Normal  Institute.  They  have  been  bearing  for  four  years,  but 
have,  given  only  ordinary  results. 

At  Greenville,  Tennessee  Worden  grapes  were  seen  at  their 
best.  Prof.  Albert  C.  Holt,  dean  of  Tusculum  College,  near 
there,  reported  this  as  the  most  successful  grape  in  his  vicinity. 
On  the  contrary,  Mr.  John  Muir  of  Hendersonville,  Tennessee, 
one  of  the  largest  grape  growers  in  the  South,  reports  it  as  an  un- 
profitable variety.  In  the  vineyard  in  which  the  variety  studies 
reported  herein  were  largely  made,  it  has  succeeded  fairly  well, 
but  not  so  well  as  Concord.  As  it  grows  for  a  neighbor  on  newly 
cleared  land,  it  is  extra  good. 

Delaware  is  generally  reported  to  be  a  weak  grower  and  a  poor 
yielder.  In  North  Carolina,  especially  around  Tryon,  it  is  pro- 
ductive and  has  proved  a  very  profitable  grape.  In  most  of  Tenn- 
essee it  has  done  well. 

In  the  Nashville  Agricultural  Normal  Institute  vineyard  where 
these  studies  were  made,  Moore's  Early  has  never  produced 
enough  grapes  to  be  profitable,  and  the  quality  is  poor.  On 
Mr.  Muir's  place  at  Hendersonville,  Tennessee,  it  produces 
large  enough  crops  to  be  profitable  because  of  its  carliness. 

Concord  has  proven  to  be  a  grape  of  great  adaptability.  It 
usually  succeeds  even  where  others  fail,  but  at  Mr.  Cantrell's 
place  near  Austell,  Georgia,  it  failed;  while  Niagara,  a  grape 
that  is  usually  subject  to  disease,  was  giving  good  results  when 
observed  in  1915. 

As  mentioned  above,  Niagara  was  found  fruiting  heavily  at 
Austel,  Georgia,  without  having  been  sprayed.  At  Tryon,  North 
Carolina,  it  is  the  leading  grape  grown.  It  has  been  observed 
three  seasons  fruiting  well  at  Farm  School,  near  Swa.nninoah, 
North  Carolina.  Where  these  studies  were  made,  it  bears  heavy 
crops,  but  is  very  subject  to  disease  and  so  requires  extra  spraying. 
Mr.  Lindsey  gives  the  information  that  at  Tryon,  North  Carolina, 
it  is  as  disease  resistant  as  Concord. 

Not  far  from  Mobile,  Alabama,  at  Gulfport,  there  are  according 


Variability  of  Behavior  31 

to  the  reports  of  Mr.  Russell,  formerly  of  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
Mr.  Starcher,  State  Entomologist  of  Alabama,  and  Mr.  Morrell, 
Agriculturist  for  the  Southern  Railroad  Company,  several  small 
plantings  of. an  unidentified  grape  of  the  Concord  type,  known 
locally  as  the  Indiana  grape  because  of  having  been  brought 
from  that  state.  It  is  thriving  and  yielding  good  crops  regularly 
without  any  special  care  in  a  region  where  it  is  considered  im- 
possible to  grow  such  grapes. 

These  facts,  together  with  many  similar  ones  that  could  be 
given,  show  the  importance  of  experimental  vineyards  in  many 
places  in  the  South.  This  is  especially  important  because  in  the 
past  very  little  such  work  has  been  done,  in  any  of  the  southern 
states  and,  as  a  consequence,  no. one  knows  with  any  degree  of 
certainty  whether  any  given  variety  of  grape  may  be  set  with 
a  reasonable  expectation  of  giving  profitable  returns.  From  the 
fact  that  it  is  expensive  to  set  a  vineyard  and  care  for  it  for  three 
or  four  years  until  it  comes  to  bearing,  few  people  are  willing  to 
take  the  chance  unless  they  are  reasonably  sure  of  results. 

The  various  state  experiment  stations  would  render  a  great 
service  to  the  public  were  they  to  plant  more  or  less  complete 
trial  vineyards  and  report  the  results  to  the  public.  When  this 
is  done,  one  or  more  varieties  of  grapes  now  in  cultivation  are 
likely  to  be  found  suitable  to  most  districts  in  the  South,  and 
can  be  grown  profitably. 


APPENDIX 

GRAPES:  NUMBER  OF  VINES  IN  THE  SOUTH  A 

PER  U.  S.  CENSUS. 

State  Vines  of  Vines  not  of  .Production 

Bearing  Age       Rearing  Age  1919 /6s. 

North  Carolina  543734  114582  10679108 

South  Carolina  87487  27874  2016506 

Georgia  182119  38588  2865319 

Florida  57840  29767  1220623 

Kentucky  327429  69439  1497769 

Tennessee  359972  98928  1839450 

Alabama  183759  60995  1446814 

Mississippi  56912  24041  760563 

Louisiana  19601  12583  67203 

AVERAGE  PRODUCTION  PER  VINE  IN  POUNDS 

Data  furnished  by  the  various  State  Horticulturists  and  from 
U.  S.  Census  reports. 

North  Carolina  20 

South  Carolina  24 

Georgia  15 

Florida  21 

Kentucky  4 

Tennessee  5 

Alabama  7 

Mississippi  14 

Texas  3 

Louisiana  3 

New  York  5 

This  table  shows  conclusively  that  the  average  production  of 
grapes  per  vine  in  the  South  is  fully  equal  to    that  in  the  North. 


Appendix  33 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

(Numbers  here  given  correspond  to  numbers  in  the  text] 

1.  Bible,    Numbers    13:23. 

4.  Tasitus,  Bohn's  Classical  Library,  Vol.  I,  page  184 

2.  Bible,   Ruth  2:14. 

3.  Bible,  I  Sam.  25:18. 

5.  Barnes,  Studies  in  American  History,  Subject,  The    Vikings. 

6.  Hedrick,  Grapes  of  New  York,  page  1. 

7.  Hedrick,  Manual  of  America  Grape  Growing,  page  1. 

8.  Munson,  Foundations  of  American  Grape  Culture,  pp.  55-60. 

9.  Munson,  Classification  and  Generic  Species  of  the  Wild  Gapes 
of  North  America. 

10.  Phin,  Open  Air  Grape  Culture,  pp.  1.  2. 

11.  Phin,  Open  Air  Grape  Culture,  pp.  22-29. 

12.  Hedrick's  Grapes  of  New  York,  Chapter  IV. 

13.  Hedrick's  Grapes  of  New  York,  Chapter  I. 

14.  Phin,  Open  Air  Grape  Culture,  Chapter  I. 

15.  Lindsey,  W.  T.,  Tryon,  N.  C.  Conversation  and  private  letters. 

16.  Garrison,   W.   A.   B.,  Blackmountain,   N.   C.   Conversation 
and    private   letters. 

17.  Little,  G.  F.  Conversation  and  private  letters. 

18.  Davis,  II.  S.  University  of  S.  C.,  Colombia,  S.  C.   Private 
conversations. 

19.  Hussman,  G.  B.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Personal  information. 

20.  Persona]  visits  and  observations. 

21.  Hussman,  American  Grape  Growing  and  Wine  Making,  p.  6. 

22.  Emerson,  Story  of  the  Vine,  Subject,  Pruning. 

23.  Hedrick,  Manual  of  American  Grape  Growing,  pp.  132-138. 

24.  Hussman,    American    Grape    Growing    and    Wine    Making, 
pp.  62-64. 

25.  Phin,  Open  Air  Grape  Culture,  Chapter  I. 

26.  Phelps,  The  Vine;  its  Culture  in  the  United  States,  Subject. 
Early  Grape  Plantations. 

27.  Fisher,  Observations  on  the  Character  and  Culture  of  the 
American  Vine,  Chapter  I. 

Authorites  Consulted  but  not  Quoted. 

1.  American   Pomological   Society — Report  from  1852   to   date. 

2.  Andre — A  Guide  to  the  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Texas, 
and   Instructions  for  Wine  Making. 

3.  Antill — An  Essay  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Vine,  etc. 

4.  Bailey — American  Grape  Training 

5.  Bright — Single  Stem  Dwarf  Renewal  System  of  Grape  Culture. 

6.  Buchanan — The    Culture    of    the    Grape  and  Wine  Making. 

7.  Cope — Physiography   in   its   Application   to   Grape   Culture. 


34  Appendix 

8.  Corlton — The  American  Grape  Growers'  Guide. 

9.  Denniston — Grape  Culture  in  Stauben  County,  New  York. 

10.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  U.  S.  All  bulletins  to  date. 

11.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Florida — Sixteenth  Biennial  Report. 

12.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  New  York— Grape  Culture  in  Steuben 
County. 

13.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  New  York,  —The  Grape  Belt. 

14.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Kansas — The  Grape. 

15.  Dufor-^-The  American  Vine  Dresser's  Guide. 

16.  Eisen — The  Raisin  Industry. 

17.  Emerson — Story  of  the  Vine. 

18.  Florida-  -Grape  Growers'  Association — Annual  Reports. 

19.  Fuller— The    Grape    Culturist. 

20.  Goesrnan — Contribution  to  the  Chemistry  of  the  American 
Grapevine. 

21.  Grant — Manual  of  the  Vine. 

22.  Haras/thy — Grape  Culture;  Wines  and  Wine  Making. 

23.  Haskell — An  Account  of  Various  Experiments  for  the  Pro- 
duction of  New  and  Desirable  Grapes. 

24.  Hussman — Cultivation  of  the  Native  Grape  and  the  Manu- 
facture of  American  Vines. 

25.  Hore — Practical  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of  Grape  Vine. 

26.  Hofer — Grape  Growing. 

27.  Hyatt— Handbook  of  Grape  Culture. 

28.  Keech — Grape   Growers'   Guide. 

29.  Longworth — The  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  and  the  Manu- 
facture  of   Wine. 

30.  McMinn — A  Contribution  to  the  Classification  of  the  Species 
and  Varieties  of  the  Grape. 

31.  McMurtie — Report    Upon  Statistcs  of    Grape  Culture  and 
Wine  Production  of  U.  S.  A.  for  1880. 

32.  Mead — An  Elementary  Treatise  of  American  Grape  Culture 
and  Wine   Making. 

33.  Mit/ky— Our  Native  Grape. 

34.  Mohr— The   Grape    Vine. 

35.  Phin — Open   Air  Grape   Culture. 

36.  Prince — Treatise    on    the    Vine. 

37.  Rafinesque — American   Annual   Grape   Vines. 

38.  Reemiln — The  Vine  Dresser's  Manual. 

39.  Saunders — Both  Sides  of  The  Grape  Question. 

40.  Speechly — A  Treatise  on  the  Culture  of  the  Vine. 

41.  Spooner — The    Cultivation    of    American    Grape    Vines. 

42.  Strong — Culture   of   the    Grape. 

43.  Tryon — A  Practical  Treatise  on  Grape  Culture. 

44.  U.  S.  Census  Buelletins,   1920. 

45.  Wait — Wines  and  Vines  of  California. 

46.  Woodward's — Graperies  and  Horticultural  Buildings 


Appendix  35 

VISITS  AND  OBSERVATIONS 

West  Grove,   Pa.  Columbia,   S.   C. 

Florence,   S.   C.  Johnson,    S.    C. 

Wilmington,  S.  C.  Tryon,  N.  C. 

Tusculum,   Tenn.  Knoxville,    Tenn. 

Asheville.  N.  C.  and  vicinity  Greenville,  N.  C.  and  vicinity 
Vicksburg,  Miss,  and  vicinity         Hattesburg,  Miss,  and  vicinity 

Berea,  Kentucky  Murfreesboro,  Tennessee 

Winchester,  Tennessee  Chattanooga,  Tennessee 

Graysville,    Tennessee  Atlanta,  Ga.  and  vicinity 

Douglasville,    Georgia  Reeves,  Georgia 

Austel,  Georgia  Huntsville,   Alabama 

Selma,    Alabama  McKinley,  Alabama 

Hazelhurst,     Miss.  Jacksonville.  Miss,  and  vicinity 

1.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  U.  S. — Private  letters  from  Mr.  Hussman. 

2.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Georgia — Private  letters. 

3.  Dept.  of  Agriculture  and   Commerce,   Mississippi — Private 
letters. 

4.  Dept.    of    Agriculture,    South    Carolina — Private    letters. 

5.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Kentucky — Private  letters. 

6.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.  Florida — Private  letters. 

7.  Morrell,    Southern     Railroad     agriculturist — Conversations, 
letters. 

8.  Obermeior,  Giess,   Parkersburg,  W.  Va. — Conversation  and 
observation. 

9.  Starcher,   W.   B. — Conversations   and   letters. 

10.  Taite,  A.  C.,  Old  Fort,  N.  C. — Conversations  and  observations. 
11    Tryon,  N.  C. —Observations  and  visits  to  orchards. 
12.  Wade,  Florry,  Calhoun,  Ga. — Conversation. 


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